Stigmochelys pardalis
The leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis) originates from South Africa and Namibia. They are found in tropical and subtropical regions, but in dry areas. They are named for their color and the spots on their shell, which resemble those of a leopard. They can grow up to 50 cm in size and live between 60 to 100 years. The leopard tortoise is one of the most vocal tortoises; they can hiss, puff, and grunt. These tortoises are diurnal and naturally inhabit semi-desert regions as well as forest edges and grasslands, primarily seeking out dry environments. The spine of a tortoise is attached to its shell, so if a tortoise falls from a height, it can injure itself significantly, potentially even causing the shell to detach from the spine.
Enclosure
The leopard tortoise is a solitary animal. Males can be dominant towards each other and may fight vigorously. Two females may coexist well, but this also carries some risks. Tortoises feel most comfortable when they are alone. Just because they tolerate each other doesn't mean they enjoy each other's company. Leopard tortoises are suitable for outdoor housing in the summer. If the temperature remains above 20 degrees at night, they can be left outside. Ensure that the enclosure is well secured, as they are prone to escape.
This tortoise species benefits from a period of winter dormancy over the long term. Winter dormancy leads to a healthier animal. During the winter months, it's best to lower the temperature and keep the tortoise in the dark. This slows down their metabolism. Around October, they naturally start to eat less. From October to March, they enter a state of dormancy. Hibernation can be risky for tortoises.
At the end of March, temperatures can be increased, and after a few days of acclimatization, they can be fed again. Animals younger than 2 years should ideally not be allowed to hibernate, as it poses significant risks.
The terrarium for one tortoise should be at least 150x50x50 cm. Larger is always better. As they grow, they are not suitable for a terrarium. A space of 200x200x80 cm is then appropriate. The substrate should be 10 to 15 cm deep for young animals. For adults, the depth must be at least the height of the shell. Hiding places must be available.
In summer, it's advisable to have an outdoor enclosure. This should be well constructed to prevent escapes, and there should be no access for rats or birds.
Plants (real or artificial) are not recommended. Live plants may be eaten, and artificial plants will also be nibbled on. Cat grass or a tortoise plant is a safer option; this is edible grass suitable for them to munch on. Hiding spots are also important as they help reduce stress and improve health.
Temperature & Humidity
The temperature in the terrarium should be about 25-30 degrees Celsius in the cool area and under the lamp, it should be 35-40 degrees Celsius. The humidity should range between 50-70%. Ensure that the turtle cannot get close to the heat source, as they can burn themselves. It is advisable to provide the terrarium with a background, which helps reduce stress. They also need a day-night cycle of approximately 10-12 hours of light per day. You can create this by adding a timer. A lock is useful so that children cannot access the terrarium. Turtles require UV light to produce vitamin D3. Reptiles generate vitamin D3 in their bodies due to UV light, which they need to absorb calcium. A UV lamp should be replaced once a year. It is best to choose T5 or T8 lighting.
Care & Handling
Reptiles are primarily pets for observation rather than for handling. If you must move your animal, grasp the side of the shell with both hands, much like holding a hamburger. You cannot let a tortoise roam freely in the house; drafts and temperature differences can make them very ill. Be cautious when handling them, as turtles can bite quite hard. If you need to handle your reptile, for example for a health check, it is advisable to wash your hands before and after handling. It is important to keep the terrarium clean. This can be achieved by making the terrarium bioactive (see the bioactive care sheet). The substrate should be clean, the glass and decorations free of droppings, and old vegetables should be removed.
Food & supplements
Turtles are herbivores. In this care sheet, you will find a list of suitable and less suitable foods for your turtle. Feed the turtles as much as they can eat. Cut the vegetables into small pieces. A varied diet is important, as it contributes to the health of your reptile. Provide your turtle with fresh vegetables and water daily. There should be a piece of cuttlefish bone in the terrarium, which is a type of squid bone that reptiles can use to obtain calcium. The vegetables should be dusted with calcium and vitamins. Calcium is essential for strong bones, and vitamins support the overall health of your reptile. These applications should never be given simultaneously; provide vitamins once a week and calcium on the other days.
Suitable vegetables:
- Endive
- Pak choi
- Chicory
- Red chicory
- Beet greens
- Garden cress
- Purslane
- Red beet
- Sweet potato
- Cauliflower
- Spinach
- Bean sprouts
- Bell pepper
Cabbage varieties (red cabbage, Brussels sprouts, pointed cabbage) can cause thyroid problems and gastrointestinal issues if consumed excessively.
Vegetables containing oxalic acid (such as carrots, broccoli, parsley, and spinach) draw calcium from the body. However, these vegetables also contain other beneficial substances for turtles.
Fruits such as apple, pear, tomato, grape, various types of berries (gooseberry, blueberries), strawberries, prickly pear, mango, tangerine, banana, and papaya are also favored by the animals. Fruit is very high in sugars and should be given in moderation.
Terrestrial turtles rely on microorganisms in their intestines to digest their food. Excess sugar can disrupt the gut flora and cause diarrhea.Flowers from hibiscus, dandelion, violets, and roses are also highly appreciated. Sprouts from lentils, wheat, sunflower, and similar can serve as good nutrition for turtles and can be found in health food stores.
In some specialty pet stores, special edible live plants are available for herbivorous reptiles. Herbal hay and specially pressed pellets are also much appreciated.
Conclusion & Difficulty
Tortoises are generally quite easy to care for, although they do not always show signs of illness quickly, which means that you must be especially observant of their behavior and habits. Furthermore, they require a substantial amount of food each day, as well as ample space to roam and thrive in their environment. Proper attention to these needs is essential for their overall health and well-being.
Difficulty 2 out of 5.